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Chronic renal failure （CRF）， a common outcome of various chronic kidney diseases， is characterized by retention of metabolites and toxins， water-electrolyte imbalance， acid-base disturbance， and various symptoms in diverse systems. The incidence and progression of this disease are influenced by many factors， particularly the change of intestinal flora. Previous research shows that the intestinal flora interacts with CRF. For CRF patients， the metabolic waste fails to be cleared in time due to the gradual decline of renal function and thus accumulates in vivo. Moreover， CRF changes the composition of intestinal flora， damages intestinal barrier， and accelerates the synthesis of intestinal uremic toxins and the accumulation in blood. As a result， the renal injury is aggravated. The imbalance of intestinal flora can induce acute kidney injury， increase cardiovascular complications， stimulate immune inflammatory responses， and thus aggravate the progression of CRF. Microbiota-targeted therapy for CRF has become the research focus. According to traditional Chinese medicine， kidney disease is related to the intestine and kidney disease should be treated from the intestine. Spleen and kidney are in the closest relationship with the pathogenesis of CRF and the intestinal flora. Chinese medicine， which features multiple targets， multiple effects， and multiple components， acts on the "gut-kidney axis". It is thus superior in the clinical treatment of CRF and the regulation of intestinal flora. To be specific， it intervenes in intestinal flora to delay the process of CRF. In this paper， based on the correlation of traditional Chinese medicine theory with intestinal flora and CRF， this paper reviewed the interaction between intestinal flora and CRF and traditional Chinese medicine intervention in the intestinal flora for the treatment of CRF， which is expected to serve as a reference for the clinical treatment of this disease and the drug development.
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Renal interstitial fibrosis（RIF）is a common pathway for the progression of chronic kidney disease to renal failure，and its pathogenesis is mainly related to renal inflammatory damage，oxidative stress，apoptosis，and excessive extracellular matrix（ECM） deposition. Transforming growth factor-β1（TGF-β1） signaling pathway，mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） signaling pathway and other signaling pathways mediate the occurrence and development of RIF. Because of the complicated mechanism of RIF，there have been no specific prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Autophagy is a non-damaging response produced by eukaryotic cells. It maintains the balance of tissue homeostasis through degradation and reabsorption. At present， Chinese medicine has achieved desirable clinical effects with its unique advantages of multiple components，multiple effects，and multiple targets in the treatment of chronic kidney disease to delay the process of RIF. Scholars have found that autophagy is consistent with the Yin-Yang theory and the theory of abdominal mass in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） to a certain extent，and it is involved in many aspects of RIF. The progression of RIF is closely related to autophagy. The targeted therapy of RIF by intervention in autophagy has become the frontier of research. However，little is known about the role of autophagy in RIF and the regulation of autophagy by Chinese medicine in the treatment of RIF. Therefore，it is necessary to further elucidate the relationship between autophagy and RIF in order to clarify the mechanism of autophagy in RIF and the mechanism of Chinese medicine regulating autophagy in targeted therapy of RIF. This article focused on the correlation between autophagy and RIF based on TCM theory，and systematically summarized the role of autophagy in RIF and the intervention of Chinese medicine by combining the effects of autophagy on inflammation damage，oxidative stress，apoptosis，and excessive ECM deposition in RIF， and the regulation mechanism of autophagy in TGF-β1 and mTOR signaling pathways in RIF. This study was expected to provide a certain reference for the clinical treatment of RIF and the development of new drugs.
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Renal interstitial fibrosis（RIF）is a common pathway for the progression of chronic kidney disease to renal failure，and its pathogenesis is mainly related to renal inflammatory damage，oxidative stress，apoptosis，and excessive extracellular matrix（ECM） deposition. Transforming growth factor-β1（TGF-β1） signaling pathway，mammalian target of rapamycin（mTOR） signaling pathway and other signaling pathways mediate the occurrence and development of RIF. Because of the complicated mechanism of RIF，there have been no specific prevention and treatment measures in clinical practice. Autophagy is a non-damaging response produced by eukaryotic cells. It maintains the balance of tissue homeostasis through degradation and reabsorption. At present， Chinese medicine has achieved desirable clinical effects with its unique advantages of multiple components，multiple effects，and multiple targets in the treatment of chronic kidney disease to delay the process of RIF. Scholars have found that autophagy is consistent with the Yin-Yang theory and the theory of abdominal mass in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） to a certain extent，and it is involved in many aspects of RIF. The progression of RIF is closely related to autophagy. The targeted therapy of RIF by intervention in autophagy has become the frontier of research. However，little is known about the role of autophagy in RIF and the regulation of autophagy by Chinese medicine in the treatment of RIF. Therefore，it is necessary to further elucidate the relationship between autophagy and RIF in order to clarify the mechanism of autophagy in RIF and the mechanism of Chinese medicine regulating autophagy in targeted therapy of RIF. This article focused on the correlation between autophagy and RIF based on TCM theory，and systematically summarized the role of autophagy in RIF and the intervention of Chinese medicine by combining the effects of autophagy on inflammation damage，oxidative stress，apoptosis，and excessive ECM deposition in RIF， and the regulation mechanism of autophagy in TGF-β1 and mTOR signaling pathways in RIF. This study was expected to provide a certain reference for the clinical treatment of RIF and the development of new drugs.
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Objective To explore the value of Hisense computer-assisted surgical systems (CAS) for precise surgery of pediatric solid pseudopapillary tumor.Methods A total of 5 cases with pancreatic solid pseudopapillary tumor who were admitted at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2015 to September 2018 were adopting.Upper abdominal 64-slice dynamic enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan was performed.3D models were created by computer-assisted surgery systems.Based on 3D model,surgical planning,preoperative simulated tumor resection,intraoperative assisted guidance were performed.Operation time,intraoperative blood loss volume,blood transfusion rate were analyzed.Results Hisense CAS three-dimensional reconstruction could clearly show the adjacent relationship between pancreas,tumor and peripheral vascular organs.According to the preoperative virtual resection,pancreatic tumor resection was more accurate.Postoperative pathological results were solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas.Among them,2 tumors were located in the head of the pancreas,1 case was located in the pancreatic neck,and 2 cases in the tail of the pancreas.The operation time was 150-360 min,with an average of 279 min.The average intraoperative blood loss was 40 mL,of which the minimum amount of bleeding was 5 mL,and the blood transfusion rate was 40％ (2/5 cases).Surgical tumor removal was achieved successfully in 5 cases.All children were followed up for 6 months to 3 years,and no recurrence or metastasis was observed.Conclusions Three-dimensional reconstruction of computer-assisted surgery system can clearly show the adjacent relationship between tumor and surrounding vascular organs,and help to make the best surgical plan before surgery to improve the accuracy and safety of the operation.
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Background Dry eye is increasing gradually recently,but its etiology and manifestation are very diverse.Studies showed that menopause of adult females was one of the risk factors of dry eye.In addition,some inflammatory factors also participate in the pathogenesis and development.But the study on the relationship of sex hormone with inflammation and ocular surface damage is still below understanding.Objective This study was to investigate the expressing changes of interleukin (IL) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in conjunctiva and the manifestation of ocular surface in ovariectomized rat model.Methods Twenty clear female SD rats were randomized into the ovariectomized group and the sham operative group according to randomized number table.Ovariectomy was performed in the ovariectomized group,and abdominal myotomy without ovariectomy was performed in the sham operative group.Serum estrogen and androgen levels were detected by radiation immunoassay 3 months after operation.Schirmer Ⅰ test (S Ⅰ t) and corneal fluorescence staining were carried out in the rats before operation and 1 month,2 and 3 months after operation.The morphology of conjunctival epithelial cells was examined by hematoxylin & eosin staining at the 3rd month after operation.The expressions of IL-17A,IL-1 β,IL-6 and TNF-α in conjunctiva were semi-quantitative analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot.The use and care of the animals complied with State Science and Technology Commission Regulations for the Administration of Affair Concerning Experimental Animals.Results Serum estrogen levels were (23.53 ± 1.65) pg/L and (47.89 ± 1.05) pg/L 3 months after surgery in the ovariectomized group and the sham operative group,respectively; the serum androgen levels were (1.84±0.09) ng/L and (2.47±0.12)ng/L in the ovariectomized group and the sham operative group,respectively,showing a significant decline of serum estrogen and androgen levels in the ovariectomized group compared with the sham operative group (t=-35.37,-12.13,both at P＜0.01).No significant differences were seen in S Ⅰ t between the two groups among various time points (Fgroup =0.38,P =0.55 ; Ftime =0.13,P =0.72 ; Finteraction =0.39,P =0.76).No obvious fluorescence staining was seen in the cornea of both the ovariectomized group and the sham operative group.The histopathological examination showed that the layers of rat conjunctival epithelial cells increased with the disordered arrangement in the ovariectomized group.Immunochemistry showed that the expressions of IL-17A,IL-1β,IL-6 and TNF-α (A values) were significantly higher in the ovariectomized group than those in the sham operative group (IL-17A:t=8.22,P＜0.01 ;IL-1β:t=16.43,P＜0.01 ;IL-6:t=13.44,P＜0.01 ;TNF-α:t=16.26,P＜0.01).Western blot assay showed the similar results (IL-17A:t=19.41,P＜0.01 ;IL-1β:t=12.63,P＜0.01 ;IL-6:t=17.17,P＜0.01 ;TNF-α:t=15.19,P＜0.01).Conclusions Serum estrogen and androgen levels drop obviously,and there is an up-regulation of IL and TNF-α expression in conjunctiva tissue in the ovariectromized SD rats.However,no obvious dry eye-related sign occurs.
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BACKGROUND:Loose bodies in the knee are found to survive for a long term and maintain certain histophysiological properties of cartilage tissue. Therefore, a bold hypothesis is proposed that the joint cavity may be a preferred environment for chondrocyte growth and development, supporting the concept of “intracavitary culture and intracavitary transplantation”. OBJECTIVE:To observe the trait difference of chondrogenic culture with alogenic decalcified bone matrix and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels in the joint cavity orin vitro versus cartilage in the same cavity. METHODS:There were three groups in this experiment: inin vitro culture group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels from newborn rabbits undergoing chondrogenic culture were co-cultured with decalcified bone matrix from adult rabbitsin vitro; in intracavitary culture group, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels from newborn rabbits undergoing chondrogenic culture were co-cultured with decalcified bone matrix from adult rabbits in the joint cavity; normal cartilage in the same cavity served as control group. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) After 12 weeks of culture, in the in vitro culture group, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed a smal amount of chondrocytes proliferated, with blue-stained nuclei; toluidine blue staining showed chondrocytes arranged disorderly, surrounded by a smal amount of matrix; Masson staining showed a smal positive area and irregular cellarrangement; type II colagen immunohistochemistry staining showed a few of yelow particles in the cytoplasm and extracelular matrix. (2) After 12 weeks of culture, in the intracavitary culture group, hematoxylin-eosin staining showed proliferation of chondrocytes with blue-stained nuclei; toluidine blue staining showed cluster-shaped arrangement of chondrocytes surrounded by the matrix with lacuna formation; Masson staining showed there were many positive cels with blue-stained matrix that arranged in a certain stress direction; immunohistochemical identification of type II colagen was positive, and brown-yelow stained particles could be discerned in the extracelular matrix. These findings indicate that tissue-engineered cartilage can be generated by co-culture of alogenic decalcified bone matrix and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cels in the joint cavity orin vitro, and the cartilage cultured in the joint cavity is more close to normal cartilage than that cultured in vitro.
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Background Retinal Muller cells participate in the pathological process of diabetic retinopathy (DR) through expressing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).It is reported that FK506 inhibits the expression of VEGF in solid tumors and experimental corneal neovascularization,but whether FK506 exerts its role on retinal Müller cells or not is still unclear.Objective This study aimed to investigate how FK506 affects the expression vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in rat retinal Müller cells under the condition of high glucose.Methods Immortalized rat retinal Müller cell line was regularly cultivated and logarithmic phase of cells were incubated in 96-well plate with the cell density of 1 × 104/ml.Different concentrations of FK506 (800.00,400.00,200.00,100.00,75.00,50.00,25.00,12.50 and 6.25 pg/ml) (100 μl/well) were added into the culture medium to determine the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of FK506 by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT).The cell lines were cultured with DMEM medium (containing D-glucose of 5.5 mmol/L) or high glucose DMEM (containing D-glucose of 50 mmol/L),and 75 pg/ml FK506 were added into DMEM,respectively,and the cells were divided into the normal control group,FK506 group,high glucose culture group and high glucose + FK506 group.ELISA was employed to assay the content of VEGF protein in the cell supernatant.The expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein in the cells were detected by reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and Western blot,respectively.Results The cells grew well in the normal control group,FK506 group,high glucose culture group and high glucose+FK506 group in 12,24 and 48 hours after culture with the polygon-like shape.The IC50 of FK506 was 75 pg/ml.The contents of FK506 in the cell supernatant were (966.46± 13.59) pg/ml,(1 059.42±67.43) pg/ml,(16 243.11 ±3 926.38) pg/ml and (9 467.25± 1 525.56) pg/ml in the normal control group,FK506 group,high glucose culture group and high glucose+FK506 group,respectively,showing a significant difference among the four groups (F =20.51,P =0.00).The VEGF levels in cell supernatant were significantly higher in the high glucose group than those of the normal group and the high FK506 group (P =0.00,P =0.02),but no significant difference was found in the VEGF level in cell supernatant between the control group and FK506 group (P =0.08).The expressions of VEGF mRNA and protein in the cells were significantly different among the four groups (F=126.06,P=0.00;F=5.44,P=0.01),and the relative expressing values of VEGF mRNA and protein in the cells of the high glucose group were significantly higher than those of the control group and the high+ FK506 group (all at P＜0.01).The relative expressing values of VEGF mRNA and protein were 0.64±0.09 and 0.68±0.18 in the FK506 group,which were lower than those of the normal control group (0.84±0.07 and 0.75± 0.03).However,no significant differences were seen between the two groups (P =0.05,0.07).Conclusions The expression of VEGF in rat retinal Müller cells up-regulates under the high glucose condition.FK506 plays inhibitory effects on VEGF expression to certain extent in vitro.
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10.3969/j.issn.2095-4344.2013.24.001
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Objective To compare the fusion effect between lumbar posterolateral fusion (PLF) and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) in elderly patients with lumbar spinal stenosis.Methods Data of 313 patients undergoing PLF or PLIF for treatment lumbar degenerative disease in Department of Orthopedics,Beijing Hospital of China Ministry of Health during January 1996 to December 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.Patients were divided into PLF group (n=116 cases) and PLIF group (n=197 cases).Data of fusion rate,operative time,operative blood-loss and complications were analyzed statistically.Results The fusion rate was 84.5％ in PLF group and 98％ in PLIF group.The average operative time was 247.8 min (120-480 min) and 240.6 min (90-600 min) in PLF and PLIF groups respectively.The blood-loss was 1142.9 ml (200 4500 ml) and 927.0 ml (200-2800 ml) in PLF and PLIF groups respectively.Postoperative complications were found in 38 cases in PLF group and in 36 cases in PLIF group.There were significant differences in fusion rate,operative time,operative blood loss,complications between the two groups (all P＜0.05).Conclusions PLIF has better effects on fusion rate and fusion grade than PLF.
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy of long-term lamivudine therapy in patients with decompensated cirrhosis after HBV infection. Methods The clinical courses and outcomes of lamivudine therapy in 60 patients with decompensated cirrhosis were observed and the results were compared with those in historical control group who did not receive lamivudine therapy. Kaplan-Meier method was used to measure the survival rates of two groups. Results There was significant improvement of Child scores in the treatment group, which were 9.4±2.4 at the baseline and 8.3±1.8, 6.5±2.2, 6.3±0.7 at 12 months,24 months and 36 months of the therapy (P<0.01), respectively. Significant clinical improvements were observed in 20 patients in the treatment group, but no improvement was observed in the controls. The rates of serum HBV DNA clearance was 84.7% (50/59), 89.2% (50/56), 76.8% (40/52) and 72%(36/50) at 6 months, 12 months, 24 months and 36 months of the therapy. And the rates of YMDD mutant were 0, 7% (4/56), 17.3% (9/52) and 26% (13/50) at these time points. The survival rates for the treatment group were 77.7%, 50% and 46. 5% at 1 year, 2 year and 3 year, while those in the control group were 71.28%, 45% and 43.5%, the difference was of no statistical significance (P=0.12).Conclusion Lamivudine therapy can significantly improve the liver function in patients with decompensated cirrhosis, but it may not improve the survival of patients.
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We searched for metastasis-related genes in adenoid cystic carcinoma by suppression subtractive hybridization analysis of high and low metastasis cell lines. Twelve genes (ten previously identified and two novel sequences) were identified as being expressed at lower levels in high metastasis cell line Acc-M when compared to low metastasis cell line Acc-2. The known sequences corresponded to the genes for cysteine-rich angiogenesis induction factor (cyr61), chromosome 7 RP11-52501 clone, G-protein, WAS familial ferritin I heavy chain, jumping translocation breakpoint, eukaryotic translation elongation, folate receptor and three ribosomal proteins. Among them, the G protein and ferritin I heavy chain genes contained mutations in the high metastasis cell line. The two novel gene sequences have been named ACC metastasis-associated RNH and ACC metastasis-associated suspected protein (GenBank # AF522024 and AF522025, respectively). Taken together, these results suggest that reduced expression and/or mutation of several genes in the tumor cell line Acc-M are associated with high tumor metastasis, providing important molecular biological materials for further study of metastasis control and possible targets for cancer gene therapy.
Subject(s)
Humans , Blotting, Northern , Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/genetics , Gene Expression , Gene Expression Profiling , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , In Vitro Techniques , Molecular Sequence Data , Neoplasm Metastasis/genetics , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tumor Cells, CulturedABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of various carotenoids on the proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis and expression of bcl-2 gene in breast cancer cell MCF-7.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Time and dose effects of individual carotenoids were detected using the MTT assay. The effects of individual carotenoids on cell cycle and the apoptosis were observed by flow cytometry. The expression of bcl-2 mRNA gene was detected using the RT-PCR method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All 4 carotenoids tested inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7 cell line, but with different potencies. beta-carotene and lycopene were the most active inhibitors (inhibition rate 88.2% and 87.8%, respectively) followed by zeaxanthin and astaxanthin. All 4 carotenoids did not induce cell apoptosis. Cell cycle progression was blocked at G(2)/M phase with 60 micromol/L lycopene and at G(0)/G(1) phase with 60 micromol/L zeaxanthin dipalmitate. Carotenoids down regulated bcl-2 gene expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Carotenoids could inhibit the proliferation of human beast cancer MCF-7 cell line in vitro and the action of carotenoids may be worked through different pathways.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Breast Neoplasms , Drug Therapy , Genetics , Pathology , Canthaxanthin , Pharmacology , Carotenoids , Pharmacology , Cell Cycle , Cell Division , Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic , Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2 , Genetics , RNA, Messenger , Genetics , Metabolism , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Tumor Cells, Cultured , Xanthophylls , Zeaxanthins , beta Carotene , PharmacologyABSTRACT
Forty male weanling rats ( Sprague Dawley strain) were chosen and allotted randomly into four treatments. Diets with various organic zinc and heme iron levels were fed for 35 days respectively. GroupⅠ: the basic diet of low zinc and iron. Group Ⅱ: adding the enokitake zinc to the basic diet in which the organic zinc content was 60 ppm. Group Ⅲ: adding the heme iron to the basic diet in which the heme iron content was 24 ppm. Group Ⅳ: adding the enokitake zinc and heme iron to the basic diet in which the organic zinc and heme iron were 60 ppm, 24ppm respectively. At the end, Hb and the content of serum and hepatic iron in the group Ⅲ, Ⅳ were higher significantly than that in the group Ⅰ, Ⅱ.The body weight, serum zinc, hepatic zinc and femur zinc in group Ⅱ, Ⅳ were higher significantly than that in group Ⅰ,Ⅲ. It suggests that there isn't competitive inhibitory interaction between the organic zinc and the heme iron and combined supplementation of them can prevent from zinc and iron deficiency.